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Figure 1
Inflation Has Moved Many More Tax Returns over the $200,000 Income Threshold
Percentage of tax returns reporting Adjusted Gross Income of $200,000 or more, tax years 1982–2016
Note: Data from 1982 through 2015 are from Justin Bryan, “High-Income Tax Returns for Tax Year 2015,” Statistics of Income
Bulletin, Internal Revenue Service (Fall 2018), available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/soi-a-hint-id1806.pdf. Real data for
2016 were derived by ICI computation of IRS data using IRS' method for estimation. IRS 2016 nominal data are from SOI individual
income tax returns tables, available at https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-individual-high-income-tax-returns#_tables.
Data for CPI-U are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, available at https://www.bls.gov/data/.
Sources: ICI analysis using data from IRS Statistics of Income and Bureau of Labor Statistics.
0.2
4.6
1.2
1982 1988 1995 2002 2009 2016
Actual
Adjusted for inflation
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Figure 2
Accredited Investor Thresholds in 1983 and 2016
Under current thresholds Number of qualifying
households
Qualifying households as a percentage
of US households (nominal dollar values) 1983
Income of $200,000 or more 0.5 million 0.6%
Net worth of $1 million or more 1.4 million 1.7%
Overall 1.5 million 1.8%
(nominal dollar values) 2016
Income of $200,000 or more 10.2 million 8.1%
Net worth of $1 million or more 11.3 million 8.9%
(excluding home equity)
Overall 14.9 million 11.8%
Conditional on 1983 thresholds being indexed for inflation to 2016
(real dollar values) 2016
Income of $200,000 or more
PCE $433,500 2.8 million 2.2%
CPI-U $497,000 2.4 million 1.9%
Net worth of $1 million or more
(excluding home equity)
PCE $2,167,500 7.1 million 5.6%
CPI-U $2,485,000 5.9 million 4.7%
Overall
PCE 7.6 million 6.0%
CPI-U 6.3 million 5.0%
Conditional on percentage of households being maintained at 1983 levels
(nominal dollar values) 2016
Income of $1,195,900 or more 0.8 million 0.6%
Net worth of $5,886,500 or more 2.1 million 1.7%
(excluding home equity)
Overall 2.3 million 1.8%
Sources: ICI tabulations of Survey of Consumer Finances data, available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scfindex.htm;
calculation of inflation based on data for CPI-U from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, available at https://www.bls.gov/data/; and
data for the PCE from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, available at https://www.bea.gov/data/personal-consumption-
expenditures-price-index.
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Figure 3
Comparison of Schedule TO Requirements with Form N-23-C
Requirement Schedule TO Form N-23-C
Summary of
Tender/
Repurchase
Offer
A term sheet is required. N/A
Information
about
Tender/
Repurchase
Offer
The full terms of the tender offer,
including:
• amount to be repurchased;
• how long shareholders have to
tender;
• any applicable redemption or other
fees;
• how and when redemption
proceeds will be paid; and
• other terms of the tender offer
(e.g., a description of pro rata
purchases and circumstances in
which the fund may suspend or
postpone a tender).
The terms of the repurchase offer,
including:
• a statement that the fund is
repurchasing securities at NAV;
• fees applicable to the repurchase;
• the repurchase offer amount;
• dates of the repurchase request
deadline, pricing date, and
repurchase pricing date;
• procedures for tendering shares or
modifying/withdrawing previous
tenders;
• a description of pro rata purchases;
• circumstances in which a fund may
suspend or postpone a repurchase
order; and
• the NAV/market price of the fund’s
shares.
Purpose of
Tender/
Repurchase
Offer
A description of the purpose of the tender
offer.
N/A
Affiliated
Transactions
A description of certain affiliated
transactions and significant corporate
events over the past 2 years, and any
agreements involving the fund’s securities.
N/A
Source and
Amount of
Tender/
Redemption
Proceeds
A description of where the tender offer
proceeds will come from.
N/A
Engaged
Parties
Disclosure of all advisers or solicitors the
fund has engaged with respect to the
tender offer.
N/A
Financial
Statements
Audited financial statements for the last
two years and unaudited financial
statements for the most recent fiscal
quarter.
N/A
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1COMPLIANCE COST SURVEY
Appendix A- Excerpts from ICI's Compliance
Cost Survey 2017
Survey Notes
ICI conducted this survey during April 2017; 42 fund complexes provided survey responses. The participating
complexes manage approximately $7,092,852,204 of long-term mutual fund assets,1 representing about
49.5 percent of open-end funds.
Survey Results
1. Has your fund complex experienced an increase in compliance costs over the past five years as the
result of new regulations and regulatory expectations (e.g., money market reform, FATCA, DOL
fiduciary rule, distribution in guise, report modernization, liquidity risk management program
rule)?
2. By what percentage have your costs increased over the past five years?
Members reported an estimated 20 percent median increase in compliance costs over the past five years.2, 3
1 Long-term assets as of March 31, 2017.
2 The median increase in compliance costs is among 35 members that were able to quantify the percentage by which compliance
costs had increased over the past five years.
3 In comparison, over the five-year period from December 2011 to December 2016, consumer prices, as measured by the personal
consumption expenditure index, rose 6.3 percent and the employment cost index for professional, scientific, and technical sectors
rose by 8.7 percent.
Yes
97.70%
No
2.30%
42 RESPONDENTS
2 COMPLIANCE COST SURVEY
3. What particular area(s) have been the main drivers in increasing compliance costs? Please rank the
drivers listed below by impact on increasing costs (1 being the highest and 6 being the lowest):
4. Do you outsource specific functions (e.g., fund accounting, custodial, transfer agent)?
Drivers
1
(highest) 2 3 4 5
6
(lowest)
Rating
average
Response
count
Compliance with new regulations
(e.g.,development and board approval of policies
and procedures, development of controls, staff
training) related to all areas within the fund
complex (e.g.,compliance, fund accounting/
administration, transfer agent).
18 8 11 4 1 0 2.10 42
Technology to support compliance with
regulations 14 10 6 4 3 5 2.69 42
Use of vendors or outside software to support
compliance with regulations 6 17 3 7 6 3 2.98 42
Increased oversight of intermediaries 5 2 12 8 11 4 3.71 42
Increased oversight of vendors 2 7 12 7 6 8 3.76 42
Increase in staff to support compliance
initiatives 5 9 9 6 8 5 3.43 42
answered question 42
skipped question 1
Yes
96.30%
No
4.70%
42 RESPONDENTS
3COMPLIANCE COST SURVEY
5. What functions do you outsource (check all that apply)?
6. Over the past five years, have vendors increased their charges for services provided, citing higher
compliance costs?
7. Please indicate the percent increase in cost by function.
Compliance
Custodial
Fund accounting/Fund administration
Transfer agent
Other
96.7%
13.30%
80.0%
83.30%
40.0%
30 RESPONDENTS
Yes
75.0%
No
25.0%
40 RESPONDENTS
30 RESPONDENTS
Compliance
Custodial
Fund accounting/Fund administration
Transfer agent
Other
13.13%
34.88%
16.40%
17.09%
45.86%
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